From Deepfakes to Malware: AI's Expanding Role in Cyber Attacks

Wafaray - Enhance Your Malware Detection With WAF + YARA (WAFARAY)

WAFARAY is a LAB deployment based on Debian 11.3.0 (stable) x64 made and cooked between two main ingredients WAF + YARA to detect malicious files (e.g. webshells, virus, malware, binaries) typically through web functions (upload files).

Purpose

In essence, the main idea came to use WAF + YARA (YARA right-to-left = ARAY) to detect malicious files at the WAF level before WAF can forward them to the backend e.g. files uploaded through web functions see: https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/Unrestricted_File_Upload

When a web page allows uploading files, most of the WAFs are not inspecting files before sending them to the backend. Implementing WAF + YARA could provide malware detection before WAF forwards the files to the backend.

Do malware detection through WAF?

Yes, one solution is to use ModSecurity + Clamav, most of the pages call ClamAV as a process and not as a daemon, in this case, analysing a file could take more than 50 seconds per file. See this resource: https://kifarunix.com/intercept-malicious-file-upload-with-modsecurity-and-clamav/

Do malware detection through WAF + YARA?

:-( A few clues here Black Hat Asia 2019 please continue reading and see below our quick LAB deployment.

WAFARAY: how does it work ?

Basically, It is a quick deployment (1) with pre-compiled and ready-to-use YARA rules via ModSecurity (WAF) using a custom rule; (2) this custom rule will perform an inspection and detection of the files that might contain malicious code, (3) typically web functions (upload files) if the file is suspicious will reject them receiving a 403 code Forbidden by ModSecurity.

Main Paths:

• Yara Compiled rules: /YaraRules/Compiled
• Yara Default rules: /YaraRules/rules
• Yara Scripts: /YaraRules/YaraScripts
• Apache vhosts: /etc/apache2/sites-enabled
• Temporal Files: /temporal
  

Approach

• Blueteamers: Rule enforcement, best alerting, malware detection on files uploaded through web functions.
• Redteamers/pentesters: GreyBox scope , upload and bypass with a malicious file, rule enforcement.
• Security Officers: Keep alerting, threat hunting.
• SOC: Best monitoring about malicious files.
• CERT: Malware Analysis, Determine new IOC.

Building Detection Lab

The Proof of Concept is based on Debian 11.3.0 (stable) x64 OS system, OWASP CRC v3.3.2 and Yara 4.0.5, you will find the automatic installation script here wafaray_install.sh and an optional manual installation guide can be found here: manual_instructions.txt also a PHP page has been created as a "mock" to observe the interaction and detection of malicious files using WAF + YARA.

Installation (recommended) with shell scripts

alex@waf-labs:~$ su root 
root@waf-labs:/home/alex#

# Remember to change YOUR_USER by your username (e.g waf)
root@waf-labs:/home/alex# sed -i 's/^\(# User privi.*\)/\1\nalex ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL/g' /etc/sudoers
root@waf-labs:/home/alex# exit
alex@waf-labs:~$ sudo sed -i 's/^\(deb cdrom.*\)/#\1/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
alex@waf-labs:~$ sudo sed -i 's/^# \(deb\-src http.*\)/ \1/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
alex@waf-labs:~$ sudo sed -i 's/^# \(deb http.*\)/ \1/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
alex@waf-labs:~$ echo -ne "\n\ndeb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main\ndeb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main\n" | sudo tee -a  /etc/apt/sources.list
alex@waf-labs:~$ sudo apt-get update
alex@waf-labs:~$ sudo apt-get install sudo -y
alex@waf-labs:~$ sudo apt-get install git vim dos2unix net-tools -y
alex@waf-labs:~$ git clone https://github.com/alt3kx/wafarayalex@waf-labs:~$ cd wafaray
alex@waf-labs:~$ dos2unix wafaray_install.sh
alex@waf-labs:~$ chmod +x wafaray_install.sh
alex@waf-labs:~$ sudo ./wafaray_install.sh >> log_install.log

# Test your LAB environment 
alex@waf-labs:~$ firefox localhost:8080/upload.php

Yara Rules

Once the Yara Rules were downloaded and compiled.

It is similar to when you deploy ModSecurity, you need to customize what kind of rule you need to apply. The following log is an example of when the Web Application Firewall + Yara detected a malicious file, in this case, eicar was detected.

Message: Access denied with code 403 (phase 2). File "/temporal/20220812-184146-YvbXKilOKdNkDfySME10ywAAAAA-file-Wx1hQA" rejected by 
the approver script "/YaraRules/YaraScripts/modsec_yara.py": 0 SUSPECTED [YaraSignature: eicar] 
[file "/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/test.conf"] [line "56"] [id "500002"] 
[msg "Suspected File Upload:eicar.com.txt -> /temporal/20220812-184146-YvbXKilOKdNkDfySME10ywAAAAA-file-Wx1hQA - URI: /upload.php"]

Testing WAFARAY... voilà...

Stop / Start ModSecurity

$ sudo service apache2 stop
$ sudo service apache2 start

Apache Logs

$ cd /var/log
$ sudo tail -f apache2/test_access.log apache2/test_audit.log apache2/test_error.log

Demos

Demo 1 - EICAR

A malicious file is uploaded, and the ModSecurity rules plus Yara denied uploading file to the backend if the file matched with at least one Yara Rule. (Example of Malware: https://secure.eicar.org/eicar.com.txt) NOT EXECUTE THE FILE.

Demo 2 - WebShell.php

For this demo, we disable the rule 933110 - PHP Inject Attack to validate Yara Rules. A malicious file is uploaded, and the ModSecurity rules plus Yara denied uploading file to the backend if the file matched with at least one Yara Rule. (Example of WebShell PHP: https://github.com/drag0s/php-webshell) NOT EXECUTE THE FILE.

Demo 3 - Malware Bazaar (RecordBreaker) Published: 2022-08-13

A malicious file is uploaded, and the ModSecurity rules plus Yara denied uploading file to the backend if the file matched with at least one Yara Rule. (Example of Malware Bazaar (RecordBreaker): https://bazaar.abuse.ch/sample/94ffc1624939c5eaa4ed32d19f82c369333b45afbbd9d053fa82fe8f05d91ac2/) NOT EXECUTE THE FILE.

YARA Rules sources

In case that you want to download more yara rules, you can see the following repositories:

• Yara Signatures Compiled - https://github.com/Yara-Rules/rules
• YARAHub - https://yaraify.abuse.ch/
• Awesome Yara Rules - https://github.com/InQuest/awesome-yara#rules
• Advanced Threat Research Yara Rules - https://github.com/advanced-threat-research/Yara-Rules
• Icewater - https://github.com/SupportIntelligence/Icewater
• Open Source Yara Rules - https://github.com/mikesxrs/Open-Source-YARA-rules
• Bartblaza Yara Rules - https://github.com/bartblaze/Yara-rules
• Cobalstrike - https://github.com/Te-k/cobaltstrike
• Yara Forensic - https://github.com/Xumeiquer/yara-forensics
• Loki - https://github.com/Neo23x0/Loki
• YarGen - https://github.com/Neo23x0/yarGen
• YarAnalyzer - https://github.com/Neo23x0/yarAnalyzer/
• Valhalla - https://www.nextron-systems.com/valhalla/, https://valhalla.nextron-systems.com/
• AlienVault - https://otx.alienvault.com/ (Create an account)

References

• https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/waf-reloaded-modsecurity-3-1-showcased-at-black-hat-asia
• https://yara.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gettingstarted.html
• https://yara.readthedocs.io/en/v3.4.0/yarapython.html
• https://virustotal.github.io/yara/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/perl/perl_introduction.htm
• https://malware.expert/scan-every-file-clam-antivirus-scanner-modsecurity/
• https://xael.org/pages/pyclamd-en.html
• https://docs.clamav.net/
• https://www.decalage.info/en/python/pyclamd
• https://opensource.apple.com/source/clamav/clamav-116.2/clamav.Conf/clamd.conf.auto.html
• https://c99.sh/hunting-0days-with-yara-rules/
• https://github.com/claroty/arya
• https://isc.sans.edu/diary/YARA%27s+Console+Module/28288

Roadmap until next release

• Malware Hash Database (MLDBM). The Database stores the MD5 or SHA1 that files were detected as suspicious.
• To be tested CRS Modsecurity v.3.3.3 new rules
• ModSecurity rules improvement to malware detection with Database.
• To be created blacklist and whitelist related to MD5 or SHA1.
• To be tested, run in background if the Yara analysis takes more than 3 seconds.
• To be tested, new payloads, example: Powershell Obfuscasted (WebShells)
• Remarks for live enviroments. (WAF AWS, WAF GCP, ...)

Authors

Alex Hernandez aka (@_alt3kx_)
Jesus Huerta aka @mindhack03d

Contributors

Israel Zeron Medina aka @spk085

Yaralyzer - Visually Inspect And Force Decode YARA And Regex Matches Found In Both Binary And Text Data, With Colors

Visually inspect all of the regex matches (and their sexier, more cloak and dagger cousins, the YARA matches) found in binary data and/or text. See what happens when you force various character encodings upon those matched bytes. With colors.

Quick Start

pipx install yaralyzer

# Scan against YARA definitions in a file:
yaralyze --yara-rules /secret/vault/sigmunds_malware_rules.yara lacan_buys_the_dip.pdf

# Scan against an arbitrary regular expression:
yaralyze --regex-pattern 'good and evil.*of\s+\w+byte' the_crypto_archipelago.exe

# Scan against an arbitrary YARA hex pattern
yaralyze --hex-pattern 'd0 93 d0 a3 d0 [-] 9b d0 90 d0 93' one_day_in_the_life_of_ivan_cryptosovich.bin

What It Do

1. See the actual bytes your YARA rules are matching. No more digging around copy/pasting the start positions reported by YARA into your favorite hex editor. Displays both the bytes matched by YARA as well as a configurable number of bytes before and after each match in hexadecimal and "raw" python string representation.
2. Do the same for byte patterns and regular expressions without writing a YARA file. If you're too lazy to write a YARA file but are trying to determine, say, whether there's a regular expression hidden somewhere in the file you could scan for the pattern '/.+/' and immediately get a window into all the bytes in the file that live between front slashes. Same story for quotes, BOMs, etc. Any regex YARA can handle is supported so the sky is the limit.
3. Detect the possible encodings of each set of matched bytes. The chardet library is a sophisticated library for guessing character encodings and it is leveraged here.
4. Display the result of forcing various character encodings upon the matched areas. Several default character encodings will be forcibly attempted in the region around the match. chardet will also be leveraged to see if the bytes fit the pattern of any known encoding. If chardet is confident enough (configurable), an attempt at decoding the bytes using that encoding will be displayed.
5. Export the matched regions/decodings to SVG, HTML, and colored text files. Show off your ASCII art.

Why It Do

The Yaralyzer's functionality was extracted from The Pdfalyzer when it became apparent that visualizing and decoding pattern matches in binaries had more utility than just in a PDF analysis tool.

YARA, for those who are unaware¹, is branded as a malware analysis/alerting tool but it's actually both a lot more and a lot less than that. One way to think about it is that YARA is a regular expression matching engine on steroids. It can locate regex matches in binaries like any regex engine but it can also do far wilder things like combine regexes in logical groups, compare regexes against all 256 XORed versions of a binary, check for base64 and other encodings of the pattern, and more. Maybe most importantly of all YARA provides a standard text based format for people to share their 'roided regexes with the world. All these features are particularly useful when analyzing or reverse engineering malware, whose authors tend to invest a great deal of time into making stuff hard to find.

But... that's also all YARA does. Everything else is up to the user. YARA's just a match engine and if you don't know what to match (or even what character encoding you might be able to match in) it only gets you so far. I found myself a bit frustrated trying to use YARA to look at all the matches of a few critical patterns:

1. Bytes between escaped quotes (\".+\" and \'.+\')
2. Bytes between front slashes (/.+/). Front slashes demarcate a regular expression in many implementations and I was trying to see if any of the bytes matching this pattern were actually regexes.

YARA just tells you the byte position and the matched string but it can't tell you whether those bytes are UTF-8, UTF-16, Latin-1, etc. etc. (or none of the above). I also found myself wanting to understand what was going in the region of the matched bytes and not just in the matched bytes. In other words I wanted to scope the bytes immediately before and after whatever got matched.

Enter The Yaralyzer, which lets you quickly scan the regions around matches while also showing you what those regions would look like if they were forced into various character encodings.

It's important to note that The Yaralyzer isn't a full on malware reversing tool. It can't do all the things a tool like CyberChef does and it doesn't try to. It's more intended to give you a quick visual overview of suspect regions in the binary so you can hone in on the areas you might want to inspect with a more serious tool like CyberChef.

Installation

Install it with pipx or pip3. pipx is a marginally better solution as it guarantees any packages installed with it will be isolated from the rest of your local python environment. Of course if you don't really have a local python environment this is a moot point and you can feel free to install with pip/pip3.

pipx install yaralyzer

Usage

Run yaralyze -h to see the command line options (screenshot below).

For info on exporting SVG images, HTML, etc., see Example Output.

Configuration

If you place a filed called .yaralyzer in your home directory or the current working directory then environment variables specified in that .yaralyzer file will be added to the environment each time yaralyzer is invoked. This provides a mechanism for permanently configuring various command line options so you can avoid typing them over and over. See the example file .yaralyzer.example to see which options can be configured this way.

Only one .yaralyzer file will be loaded and the working directory's .yaralyzer takes precedence over the home directory's .yaralyzer.

As A Library

Yaralyzer is the main class. It has a variety of constructors supporting:

1. Precompiled YARA rules
2. Creating a YARA rule from a string
3. Loading YARA rules from files
4. Loading YARA rules from all .yara file in a directory
5. Scanning bytes
6. Scanning a file

Should you want to iterate over the BytesMatch (like a re.Match object for a YARA match) and BytesDecoder (tracks decoding attempt stats) objects returned by The Yaralyzer, you can do so like this:

from yaralyzer.yaralyzer import Yaralyzer

yaralyzer = Yaralyzer.for_rules_files(['/secret/rule.yara'], 'lacan_buys_the_dip.pdf')

for bytes_match, bytes_decoder in yaralyzer.match_iterator():
    do_stuff()

Example Output

The Yaralyzer can export visualizations to HTML, ANSI colored text, and SVG vector images using the file export functionality that comes with Rich. SVGs can be turned into png format images with a tool like Inkscape or cairosvg. In our experience they both work though we've seen some glitchiness with cairosvg.

PyPi Users: If you are reading this document on PyPi be aware that it renders a lot better over on GitHub. Pretty pictures, footnotes that work, etc.

Raw YARA match result:

Display hex, raw python string, and various attempted decodings of both the match and the bytes before and after the match (configurable):

Bonus: see what chardet.detect() thinks about the likelihood your bytes are in a given encoding/language:

TODO

• highlight decodes done at chardets behest
• deal with repetitive matches

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