Scattered Spider Behind Cyberattacks on M&S and Co-op, Causing Up to $592M in Damages

The April 2025 cyber attacks targeting U.K. retailers Marks & Spencer and Co-op have been classified as a "single combined cyber event." That's according to an assessment from the Cyber Monitoring Centre (CMC), a U.K.-based independent, non-profit body set up by the insurance industry to categorize major cyber events. "Given that one threat actor claimed responsibility for both M&S and

Qilin Ransomware Adds "Call Lawyer" Feature to Pressure Victims for Larger Ransoms

The threat actors behind the Qilin ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) scheme are now offering legal counsel for affiliates to put more pressure on victims to pay up, as the cybercrime group intensifies its activity and tries to fill the void left by its rivals. The new feature takes the form of a "Call Lawyer" feature on the affiliate panel, per Israeli cybersecurity company Cybereason. The

Iran's State TV Hijacked Mid-Broadcast Amid Geopolitical Tensions; $90M Stolen in Crypto Heist

Iran's state-owned TV broadcaster was hacked Wednesday night to interrupt regular programming and air videos calling for street protests against the Iranian government, according to multiple reports. It's currently not known who is behind the attack, although Iran pointed fingers at Israel, per Iran International. "If you experience disruptions or irrelevant messages while watching various TV

6 Steps to 24/7 In-House SOC Success

Hackers never sleep, so why should enterprise defenses? Threat actors prefer to target businesses during off-hours. That’s when they can count on fewer security personnel monitoring systems, delaying response and remediation. When retail giant Marks & Spencer experienced a security event over Easter weekend, they were forced to shut down their online operations, which account for

Massive 7.3 Tbps DDoS Attack Delivers 37.4 TB in 45 Seconds, Targeting Hosting Provider

Cloudflare on Thursday said it autonomously blocked the largest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack ever recorded, which hit a peak of 7.3 terabits per second (Tbps). The attack, which was detected in mid-May 2025, targeted an unnamed hosting provider. "Hosting providers and critical Internet infrastructure have increasingly become targets of DDoS attacks," Cloudflare's Omer Yoachimik

200+ Trojanized GitHub Repositories Found in Campaign Targeting Gamers and Developers

Cybersecurity researchers have uncovered a new campaign in which the threat actors have published more than 67 GitHub repositories that claim to offer Python-based hacking tools, but deliver trojanized payloads instead. The activity, codenamed Banana Squad by ReversingLabs, is assessed to be a continuation of a rogue Python campaign that was identified in 2023 as targeting the Python Package

New Android Malware Surge Hits Devices via Overlays, Virtualization Fraud, and NFC Theft

Cybersecurity researchers have exposed the inner workings of an Android malware called AntiDot that has compromised over 3,775 devices as part of 273 unique campaigns. "Operated by the financially motivated threat actor LARVA-398, AntiDot is actively sold as a Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) on underground forums and has been linked to a wide range of mobile campaigns," PRODAFT said in a report

BlueNoroff Deepfake Zoom Scam Hits Crypto Employee with macOS Backdoor Malware

The North Korea-aligned threat actor known as BlueNoroff has been observed targeting an employee in the Web3 sector with deceptive Zoom calls featuring deepfaked company executives to trick them into installing malware on their Apple macOS devices. Huntress, which revealed details of the cyber intrusion, said the attack targeted an unnamed cryptocurrency foundation employee, who received a

Secure Vibe Coding: The Complete New Guide

DALL-E for coders? That’s the promise behind vibe coding, a term describing the use of natural language to create software. While this ushers in a new era of AI-generated code, it introduces "silent killer" vulnerabilities: exploitable flaws that evade traditional security tools despite perfect test performance. A detailed analysis of secure vibe coding practices is available here. TL;DR: Secure

Uncover LOTS Attacks Hiding in Trusted Tools — Learn How in This Free Expert Session

Most cyberattacks today don’t start with loud alarms or broken firewalls. They start quietly—inside tools and websites your business already trusts. It’s called “Living Off Trusted Sites” (LOTS)—and it’s the new favorite strategy of modern attackers. Instead of breaking in, they blend in. Hackers are using well-known platforms like Google, Microsoft, Dropbox, and Slack as launchpads. They hide

Russian APT29 Exploits Gmail App Passwords to Bypass 2FA in Targeted Phishing Campaign

Threat actors with suspected ties to Russia have been observed taking advantage of a Google account feature called application specific passwords (or app passwords) as part of a novel social engineering tactic designed to gain access to victims' emails. Details of the highly targeted campaign were disclosed by Google Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG) and the Citizen Lab, stating the activity

Meta Adds Passkey Login Support to Facebook for Android and iOS Users

Meta Platforms on Wednesday announced that it's adding support for passkeys, the next-generation password standard, on Facebook. "Passkeys are a new way to verify your identity and login to your account that's easier and more secure than traditional passwords," the tech giant said in a post. Support for passkeys is expected to be available "soon" on Android and iOS mobile devices. The feature is

New Linux Flaws Enable Full Root Access via PAM and Udisks Across Major Distributions

Cybersecurity researchers have uncovered two local privilege escalation (LPE) flaws that could be exploited to gain root privileges on machines running major Linux distributions. The vulnerabilities, discovered by Qualys, are listed below - CVE-2025-6018 - LPE from unprivileged to allow_active in SUSE 15's Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) CVE-2025-6019 - LPE from allow_active to root in

New Malware Campaign Uses Cloudflare Tunnels to Deliver RATs via Phishing Chains

A new campaign is making use of Cloudflare Tunnel subdomains to host malicious payloads and deliver them via malicious attachments embedded in phishing emails. The ongoing campaign has been codenamed SERPENTINE#CLOUD by Securonix. It leverages "the Cloudflare Tunnel infrastructure and Python-based loaders to deliver memory-injected payloads through a chain of shortcut files and obfuscated

1,500+ Minecraft Players Infected by Java Malware Masquerading as Game Mods on GitHub

A new multi-stage malware campaign is targeting Minecraft users with a Java-based malware that employs a distribution-as-service (DaaS) offering called Stargazers Ghost Network. "The campaigns resulted in a multi-stage attack chain targeting Minecraft users specifically," Check Point researchers Jaromír Hořejší and Antonis Terefos said in a report shared with The Hacker News. "The malware was

FedRAMP at Startup Speed: Lessons Learned

For organizations eyeing the federal market, FedRAMP can feel like a gated fortress. With strict compliance requirements and a notoriously long runway, many companies assume the path to authorization is reserved for the well-resourced enterprise. But that’s changing. In this post, we break down how fast-moving startups can realistically achieve FedRAMP Moderate authorization without derailing

Water Curse Employs 76 GitHub Accounts to Deliver Multi-Stage Malware Campaign

Cybersecurity researchers have exposed a previously unknown threat actor known as Water Curse that relies on weaponized GitHub repositories to deliver multi-stage malware. "The malware enables data exfiltration (including credentials, browser data, and session tokens), remote access, and long-term persistence on infected systems," Trend Micro researchers Jovit Samaniego, Aira Marcelo, Mohamed

Ex-CIA Analyst Sentenced to 37 Months for Leaking Top Secret National Defense Documents

A former U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) analyst has been sentenced to little more than three years in prison for unlawfully retaining and transmitting top secret National Defense Information (NDI) to people who were not entitled to receive them and for attempting to cover up the malicious activity. Asif William Rahman, 34, of Vienna, has been sentenced today to 37 months on charges of

CISA Warns of Active Exploitation of Linux Kernel Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

The U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) on Tuesday placed a security flaw impacting the Linux kernel in its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, stating it has been actively exploited in the wild. The vulnerability, CVE-2023-0386 (CVSS score: 7.8), is an improper ownership bug in the Linux kernel that could be exploited to escalate privileges on susceptible

Veeam Patches CVE-2025-23121: Critical RCE Bug Rated 9.9 CVSS in Backup & Replication

Veeam has rolled out patches to contain a critical security flaw impacting its Backup & Replication software that could result in remote code execution under certain conditions. The security defect, tracked as CVE-2025-23121, carries a CVSS score of 9.9 out of a maximum of 10.0. "A vulnerability allowing remote code execution (RCE) on the Backup Server by an authenticated domain user," the

Iran Slows Internet to Prevent Cyber Attacks Amid Escalating Regional Conflict

Iran has throttled internet access in the country in a purported attempt to hamper Israel's ability to conduct covert cyber operations, days after the latter launched an unprecedented attack on the country, escalating geopolitical tensions in the region. Fatemeh Mohajerani, the spokesperson of the Iranian Government, and the Iranian Cyber Police, FATA, said the internet slowdown was designed to

Google Chrome Zero-Day CVE-2025-2783 Exploited by TaxOff to Deploy Trinper Backdoor

A now-patched security flaw in Google Chrome was exploited as a zero-day by a threat actor known as TaxOff to deploy a backdoor codenamed Trinper. The attack, observed in mid-March 2025 by Positive Technologies, involved the use of a sandbox escape vulnerability tracked as CVE-2025-2783 (CVSS score: 8.3). Google addressed the flaw later that month after Kaspersky reported in-the-wild

LangSmith Bug Could Expose OpenAI Keys and User Data via Malicious Agents

Cybersecurity researchers have disclosed a now-patched security flaw in LangChain's LangSmith platform that could be exploited to capture sensitive data, including API keys and user prompts. The vulnerability, which carries a CVSS score of 8.8 out of a maximum of 10.0, has been codenamed AgentSmith by Noma Security. LangSmith is an observability and evaluation platform that allows users to

Silver Fox APT Targets Taiwan with Complex Gh0stCringe and HoldingHands RAT Malware

Cybersecurity researchers are warning of a new phishing campaign that's targeting users in Taiwan with malware families such as HoldingHands RAT and Gh0stCringe. The activity is part of a broader campaign that delivered the Winos 4.0 malware framework earlier this January by sending phishing messages impersonating Taiwan's National Taxation Bureau, Fortinet FortiGuard Labs said in a report

Google Warns of Scattered Spider Attacks Targeting IT Support Teams at U.S. Insurance Firms

The notorious cybercrime group known as Scattered Spider (aka UNC3944) that recently targeted various U.K. and U.S. retailers has begun to target major insurance companies, according to Google Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG). "Google Threat Intelligence Group is now aware of multiple intrusions in the U.S. which bear all the hallmarks of Scattered Spider activity," John Hultquist, chief analyst

Are Forgotten AD Service Accounts Leaving You at Risk?

For many organizations, Active Directory (AD) service accounts are quiet afterthoughts, persisting in the background long after their original purpose has been forgotten. To make matters worse, these orphaned service accounts (created for legacy applications, scheduled tasks, automation scripts, or test environments) are often left active with non-expiring or stale passwords. It’s no surprise

Hard-Coded 'b' Password in Sitecore XP Sparks Major RCE Risk in Enterprise Deployments

Cybersecurity researchers have disclosed three security flaws in the popular Sitecore Experience Platform (XP) that could be chained to achieve pre-authenticated remote code execution. Sitecore Experience Platform is an enterprise-oriented software that provides users with tools for content management, digital marketing, and analytics and reports. The list of vulnerabilities is as follows -

Backups Are Under Attack: How to Protect Your Backups

Ransomware has become a highly coordinated and pervasive threat, and traditional defenses are increasingly struggling to neutralize it. Today’s ransomware attacks initially target your last line of defense — your backup infrastructure. Before locking up your production environment, cybercriminals go after your backups to cripple your ability to recover, increasing the odds of a ransom payout.

New Flodrix Botnet Variant Exploits Langflow AI Server RCE Bug to Launch DDoS Attacks

Cybersecurity researchers have called attention to a new campaign that's actively exploiting a recently disclosed critical security flaw in Langflow to deliver the Flodrix botnet malware. "Attackers use the vulnerability to execute downloader scripts on compromised Langflow servers, which in turn fetch and install the Flodrix malware," Trend Micro researchers Aliakbar Zahravi, Ahmed Mohamed

TP-Link Router Flaw CVE-2023-33538 Under Active Exploit, CISA Issues Immediate Alert

The U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) on Monday added a high-severity security flaw in TP-Link wireless routers to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, citing evidence of active exploitation.  The vulnerability in question is CVE-2023-33538 (CVSS score: 8.8), a command injection bug that could result in the execution of arbitrary system commands when

Meta Starts Showing Ads on WhatsApp After 6-Year Delay From 2018 Announcement

Meta Platforms on Monday announced that it's bringing advertising to WhatsApp, but emphasized that the ads are "built with privacy in mind." The ads are expected to be displayed on the Updates tab through its Stories-like Status feature, which allows ephemeral sharing of photos, videos, voice notes, and text for 24 hours. These efforts are "rolling out gradually," per the company. The social

U.S. Seizes $7.74M in Crypto Tied to North Korea’s Global Fake IT Worker Network

The U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) said it has filed a civil forfeiture complaint in federal court that targets over $7.74 million in cryptocurrency, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and other digital assets allegedly linked to a global IT worker scheme orchestrated by North Korea. "For years, North Korea has exploited global remote IT contracting and cryptocurrency ecosystems to evade U.S.

Anubis Ransomware Encrypts and Wipes Files, Making Recovery Impossible Even After Payment

An emerging ransomware strain has been discovered incorporating capabilities to encrypt files as well as permanently erase them, a development that has been described as a "rare dual-threat." "The ransomware features a 'wipe mode,' which permanently erases files, rendering recovery impossible even if the ransom is paid," Trend Micro researchers Maristel Policarpio, Sarah Pearl Camiling, and

⚡ Weekly Recap: iPhone Spyware, Microsoft 0-Day, TokenBreak Hack, AI Data Leaks and More

Some of the biggest security problems start quietly. No alerts. No warnings. Just small actions that seem normal but aren't. Attackers now know how to stay hidden by blending in, and that makes it hard to tell when something’s wrong. This week’s stories aren’t just about what was attacked—but how easily it happened. If we’re only looking for the obvious signs, what are we missing right in front

Playbook: Transforming Your Cybersecurity Practice Into An MRR Machine

Introduction The cybersecurity landscape is evolving rapidly, and so are the cyber needs of organizations worldwide. While businesses face mounting pressure from regulators, insurers, and rising threats, many still treat cybersecurity as an afterthought. As a result, providers may struggle to move beyond tactical services like one-off assessments or compliance checklists, and demonstrate

PyPI, npm, and AI Tools Exploited in Malware Surge Targeting DevOps and Cloud Environments

Cybersecurity researchers from SafeDep and Veracode detailed a number of malware-laced npm packages that are designed to execute remote code and download additional payloads. The packages in question are listed below - eslint-config-airbnb-compat (676 Downloads) ts-runtime-compat-check (1,588 Downloads) solders (983 Downloads) @mediawave/lib (386 Downloads) All the identified npm

Discord Invite Link Hijacking Delivers AsyncRAT and Skuld Stealer Targeting Crypto Wallets

A new malware campaign is exploiting a weakness in Discord's invitation system to deliver an information stealer called Skuld and the AsyncRAT remote access trojan. "Attackers hijacked the links through vanity link registration, allowing them to silently redirect users from trusted sources to malicious servers," Check Point said in a technical report. "The attackers combined the ClickFix

Over 269,000 Websites Infected with JSFireTruck JavaScript Malware in One Month

Cybersecurity researchers are calling attention to a "large-scale campaign" that has been observed compromising legitimate websites with malicious JavaScript injections. According to Palo Alto Networks Unit 42, these malicious injects are obfuscated using JSFuck, which refers to an "esoteric and educational programming style" that uses only a limited set of characters to write and execute

Ransomware Gangs Exploit Unpatched SimpleHelp Flaws to Target Victims with Double Extortion

The U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) on Thursday disclosed that ransomware actors are targeting unpatched SimpleHelp Remote Monitoring and Management (RMM) instances to compromise customers of an unnamed utility billing software provider. "This incident reflects a broader pattern of ransomware actors targeting organizations through unpatched versions of SimpleHelp

CTEM is the New SOC: Shifting from Monitoring Alerts to Measuring Risk

Introduction: Security at a Tipping Point Security Operations Centers (SOCs) were built for a different era, one defined by perimeter-based thinking, known threats, and manageable alert volumes. But today’s threat landscape doesn’t play by those rules. The sheer volume of telemetry, overlapping tools, and automated alerts has pushed traditional SOCs to the edge. Security teams are overwhelmed,

Apple Zero-Click Flaw in Messages Exploited to Spy on Journalists Using Paragon Spyware

Apple has disclosed that a now-patched security flaw present in its Messages app was actively exploited in the wild to target civil society members in sophisticated cyber attacks. The vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-43200, was addressed on February 10, 2025, as part of iOS 18.3.1, iPadOS 18.3.1, iPadOS 17.7.5, macOS Sequoia 15.3.1, macOS Sonoma 14.7.4, macOS Ventura 13.7.4, watchOS 11.3.1,

WordPress Sites Turned Weapon: How VexTrio and Affiliates Run a Global Scam Network

The threat actors behind the VexTrio Viper Traffic Distribution Service (TDS) have been linked to other TDS services like Help TDS and Disposable TDS, indicating that the sophisticated cybercriminal operation is a sprawling enterprise of its own that's designed to distribute malicious content. "VexTrio is a group of malicious adtech companies that distribute scams and harmful software via

New TokenBreak Attack Bypasses AI Moderation with Single-Character Text Changes

Cybersecurity researchers have discovered a novel attack technique called TokenBreak that can be used to bypass a large language model's (LLM) safety and content moderation guardrails with just a single character change. "The TokenBreak attack targets a text classification model's tokenization strategy to induce false negatives, leaving end targets vulnerable to attacks that the implemented

AI Agents Run on Secret Accounts — Learn How to Secure Them in This Webinar

AI is changing everything — from how we code, to how we sell, to how we secure. But while most conversations focus on what AI can do, this one focuses on what AI can break — if you’re not paying attention. Behind every AI agent, chatbot, or automation script lies a growing number of non-human identities — API keys, service accounts, OAuth tokens — silently operating in the background. And here’s

Zero-Click AI Vulnerability Exposes Microsoft 365 Copilot Data Without User Interaction

A novel attack technique named EchoLeak has been characterized as a "zero-click" artificial intelligence (AI) vulnerability that allows bad actors to exfiltrate sensitive data from Microsoft 365 (M365) Copilot's context sans any user interaction. The critical-rated vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2025-32711 (CVSS score: 9.3). It requires no customer action and has been

Non-Human Identities: How to Address the Expanding Security Risk

Human identities management and control is pretty well done with its set of dedicated tools, frameworks, and best practices. This is a very different world when it comes to Non-human identities also referred to as machine identities. GitGuardian’s end-to-end NHI security platform is here to close the gap. Enterprises are Losing Track of Their Machine Identities Machine identities–service

ConnectWise to Rotate ScreenConnect Code Signing Certificates Due to Security Risks

ConnectWise has disclosed that it's planning to rotate the digital code signing certificates used to sign ScreenConnect, ConnectWise Automate, and ConnectWise remote monitoring and management (RMM) executables due to security concerns. The company said it's doing so "due to concerns raised by a third-party researcher about how ScreenConnect handled certain configuration data in earlier versions.

Over 80,000 Microsoft Entra ID Accounts Targeted Using Open-Source TeamFiltration Tool

Cybersecurity researchers have uncovered a new account takeover (ATO) campaign that leverages an open-source penetration testing framework called TeamFiltration to breach Microsoft Entra ID (formerly Azure Active Directory) user accounts. The activity, codenamed UNK_SneakyStrike by Proofpoint, has targeted over 80,000 user accounts across hundreds of organizations' cloud tenants since a surge in

Former Black Basta Members Use Microsoft Teams and Python Scripts in 2025 Attacks

Former members tied to the Black Basta ransomware operation have been observed sticking to their tried-and-tested approach of email bombing and Microsoft Teams phishing to establish persistent access to target networks. "Recently, attackers have introduced Python script execution alongside these techniques, using cURL requests to fetch and deploy malicious payloads," ReliaQuest said in a report

295 Malicious IPs Launch Coordinated Brute-Force Attacks on Apache Tomcat Manager

Threat intelligence firm GreyNoise has warned of a "coordinated brute-force activity" targeting Apache Tomcat Manager interfaces. The company said it observed a surge in brute-force and login attempts on June 5, 2025, an indication that they could be deliberate efforts to "identify and access exposed Tomcat services at scale." To that end, 295 unique IP addresses have been found to be engaged

INTERPOL Dismantles 20,000+ Malicious IPs Linked to 69 Malware Variants in Operation Secure

INTERPOL on Wednesday announced the dismantling of more than 20,000 malicious IP addresses or domains that have been linked to 69 information-stealing malware variants. The joint action, codenamed Operation Secure, took place between January and April 2025, and involved law enforcement agencies from 26 countries to identify servers, map physical networks, and execute targeted takedowns. "These

Why DNS Security Is Your First Defense Against Cyber Attacks?

In today’s cybersecurity landscape, much of the focus is placed on firewalls, antivirus software, and endpoint detection. While these tools are essential, one critical layer often goes overlooked: the Domain Name System (DNS). As the starting point of nearly every online interaction, DNS is not only foundational - it’s increasingly a target. When left unsecured, it becomes a single point of

SinoTrack GPS Devices Vulnerable to Remote Vehicle Control via Default Passwords

Two security vulnerabilities have been disclosed in SinoTrack GPS devices that could be exploited to control certain remote functions on connected vehicles and even track their locations. "Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to access device profiles without authorization through the common web management interface," the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure

How to Build a Lean Security Model: 5 Lessons from River Island

In today’s security landscape, budgets are tight, attack surfaces are sprawling, and new threats emerge daily. Maintaining a strong security posture under these circumstances without a large team or budget can be a real challenge. Yet lean security models are not only possible - they can be highly effective. River Island, one of the UK’s leading fashion retailers, offers a powerful

Microsoft Patches 67 Vulnerabilities Including WEBDAV Zero-Day Exploited in the Wild

Microsoft has released patches to fix 67 security flaws, including one zero-day bug in Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) that it said has come under active exploitation in the wild. Of the 67 vulnerabilities, 11 are rated Critical and 56 are rated Important in severity. This includes 26 remote code execution flaws, 17 information disclosure flaws, and 14 privilege escalation

Adobe Releases Patch Fixing 254 Vulnerabilities, Closing High-Severity Security Gaps

Adobe on Tuesday pushed security updates to address a total of 254 security flaws impacting its software products, a majority of which affect Experience Manager (AEM). Of the 254 flaws, 225 reside in AEM, impacting AEM Cloud Service (CS) as well as all versions prior to and including 6.5.22. The issues have been resolved in AEM Cloud Service Release 2025.5 and version 6.5.23. "Successful

Researchers Uncover 20+ Configuration Risks, Including Five CVEs, in Salesforce Industry Cloud

Cybersecurity researchers have uncovered over 20 configuration-related risks affecting Salesforce Industry Cloud (aka Salesforce Industries), exposing sensitive data to unauthorized internal and external parties. The weaknesses affect various components like FlexCards, Data Mappers, Integration Procedures (IProcs), Data Packs, OmniOut, and OmniScript Saved Sessions. "Low-code platforms such as

FIN6 Uses AWS-Hosted Fake Resumes on LinkedIn to Deliver More_eggs Malware

The financially motivated threat actor known as FIN6 has been observed leveraging fake resumes hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS) infrastructure to deliver a malware family called More_eggs. "By posing as job seekers and initiating conversations through platforms like LinkedIn and Indeed, the group builds rapport with recruiters before delivering phishing messages that lead to malware," the

Rust-based Myth Stealer Malware Spread via Fake Gaming Sites Targets Chrome, Firefox Users

Cybersecurity researchers have shed light on a previously undocumented Rust-based information stealer called Myth Stealer that's being propagated via fraudulent gaming websites. "Upon execution, the malware displays a fake window to appear legitimate while simultaneously decrypting and executing malicious code in the background," Trellix security researchers Niranjan Hegde, Vasantha Lakshmanan

The Hidden Threat in Your Stack: Why Non-Human Identity Management is the Next Cybersecurity Frontier

Modern enterprise networks are highly complex environments that rely on hundreds of apps and infrastructure services. These systems need to interact securely and efficiently without constant human oversight, which is where non-human identities (NHIs) come in. NHIs — including application secrets, API keys, service accounts, and OAuth tokens — have exploded in recent years, thanks to an